How to Prepare a Speech When You Have Anxiety

How to Prepare a Speech When You Have Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print How to Prepare a Speech When You Have Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on August 19, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Hero Images / Getty Images Public speaking is like any activityâ€"better preparation equals better performance. At the same time, anxiety about speaking in public can hold you back. One way to quell anxiety is to prepare yourself well to speak in public. When you are better prepared, it will boost your confidence and make it easier to concentrate on delivering your message. Choose a Topic That Interests You If you are able, choose a topic that you are excited about. If you are not able to choose the topic, try using an approach that you find interesting. For example, you could tell a personal story from your life that relates to the topic, as a way to introduce your speech. This will ensure that you are engaged in your topic and motivated to research and prepare. When you present, others will feel your enthusiasm and be interested in what you have to say. Become Familiar With the Venue Ideally, you should try to visit the conference room, classroom, auditorium, or banquet hall where you will be presenting before you give your speech. If possible, try practicing at least once in the environment that you will eventually be speaking in. Being familiar with the venue and knowing where needed audio-visual components are ahead of time will mean one less thing to worry about at the time of your speech. Ask for Accommodations No, we dont mean a room at the Hilton (although that might be nice too). Accommodations are changes to your work environment that help you to manage your anxiety. If you have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder such as social anxiety disorder (SAD), you may be eligible for these through the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If there is something that would make you more comfortable during your speech or presentation, see if it’s a change that can be made. Ask for a podium, have a pitcher of ice water handy, bring in audiovisual equipment, or even choose to stay seated if appropriateâ€"whatever might make it easier for you to manage your anxiety. Don’t Script It Have you ever sat through a speech where someone read from a prepared script word for word? If you’re like the rest of us, you probably don’t recall much of what was said. Ideally, you should prepare a list of key points on 8.5” X 11” paper that you can refer to. Although using cue cards might be tempting, flipping through a stack of cards can also be a distraction for your audience. Prepare for Hecklers Although it’s not likely that you’ll have hecklers at your wedding or 50th-anniversary party, the likelihood of criticism or difficult questions is high  in a business setting. The best way to deal with a difficult audience member is to pay him a compliment or find something that you can agree on. Say something like, “Thanks for that great question” or “I really appreciate your comment.” This will help to make you appear open-minded to your audience. If you don’t know how to answer the question, admit it and tell the person that you will look into it. Before your presentation, try to anticipate the hard questions and critical comments that might arise and prepare responses ahead of time. Practice, Practice, Practice Even people who are comfortable speaking in public rehearse their speeches many times to get them right. Practicing your speech 10, 20, or even 30 times will give you confidence in your ability to deliver. If your talk has a time limit, make sure to time yourself during practice runs and adjust your content as needed to fit within the time that you have. Lots of practice will help boost your self-confidence. Top Tips to Improve 5 Crucial Public Speaking Skills Get Some Perspective This might be particularly difficult for people with SAD, as it involves observing yourself while you are speaking. During one practice run, speak while in front of a mirror or have a friend run a videotape. Make note of how you appear. This is a good way to identify nervous habits. If, however, you feel that doing this exercise would just make you more nervous, skip it for now. People with social anxiety disorder need to learn how to focus outward rather than on themselves. This step is probably best done once you have a few successful performances under your belt. Imagine Yourself Succeeding Our brains are funny organsâ€"they can’t tell the difference between an imagined activity and a real one. That is why elite athletes use visualization to improve athletic performance. As you practice your speech (remember 10, 20, or even 30 times), imagine yourself wowing the audience with your amazing oratorical skills. Over time, what you imagine will be translated into what you are capable of. Not sure whether this would really work? Well, let’s consider the opposite. If you imagine giving a horrible speech and having terrible anxietyâ€"what do you think is going to happen? The cycle of anxiety in SAD is as much a self-fulfilling prophecy as it is a reaction to an event. Learn to visualize success and your body will follow suit. A Word From Verywell In the end, preparing well for a speech or presentation gives you confidence that you have done everything possible to succeed. Give yourself the tools and the ability to succeed, add in some strategies for managing anxiety, and see how well you do.  For those in recovery from  social anxiety disorder (SAD), these tips should be used to complement traditional  treatment methods  such as  systematic desensitization  or  cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Price War in Aviation Industry - 3088 Words

Price Wars in Aviation Industry – Boon or Bane? Introduction Aviation Industry in India is a significant one among those industry segments that have experienced a phenomenal growth across the globe over the past years. The open sky policy of the Indian government is one of the key factors that have allured international players into the aviation industry in India. Since long, the aviation industry in India has been growing in terms of number of air travel firms and number of aircrafts. Today, private airlines alone bear the burden of not less than 75% of the domestic aviation requirements. Indian aviation industry is the 9th largest in the world. As per the statistics released by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, in the year 2008 alone†¦show more content†¦With air-travel fares being much higher than rail and road travel fares, the average Indian traveler rarely traveled by air. However, in these two months, the companies offering air-travel changed the market dynamics completely. The reason for the above was not very difficult to understand. Though there were only three major players in the Indian aviation market, namely Jet Airways (JA), Air Sahara (Sahara) and the state-owned Indian Airlines (IA), competition was getting fiercer by the day. | Thus, when JA launched its promotional campaign Everyone Can Fly that offered special fares on select routes, industry observers commented that such a move was long overdue. Immediately, IA responded by launching its U Can Fly scheme with similar conditions as that of Everyone Can Fly. Thousands of seats were to be offered by both JA and IA between August 1 and October 31 at rates, which were comparable with rail fares. The special fares could be availed of booking at least three weeks in advance. Though JA claimed that its campaign was a move to commemorate the first flight of Wright Brothers in 1902, there were few takers for this. In August 2002, Sahara surprised its competitors and customers alike, by announcing the Steal a Seat campaign. Beginning August 26, 2002, customers could bid for 10% of Sahara s unsold seats for as low as Re 1.Show MoreRelatedHow the Aviation Industry Is Affected by the Economy1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operation meet with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. This paper reviews how oil prices affect the airline economy and views the extent to which the economies and developing countries remain vulnerable to a long period of higher oil prices. I have chosen this topic because the airline industry in the economyRead MoreGeneral Environment Analysis of the Airline Industry1345 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. airline industry has been in a chaotic state for a number of years. In 1993, a U.S. government report indicated that the industry had â€Å"Lost huge amounts of money in the past three years, and it has never made a sustained, substantial return on investment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  According to the Air Transport Association, the airline industry trade association, the loss from 1990 through 1994 was about $13 billion, while from 1995 through 2000, the airlines earned about $23 billion and then lost about $35 billionRead MoreFactors That Affect On Airlines1605 Words   |  7 PagesFactors Outcome Impact on Airlines Rise in crude oil prices Increases the price Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) used in the Aircrafts †¢ Increase in fuel prices leads to low demand †¢ If fuel costs are fixed, then it can be leveraged to increase profits FDI in Aviation Industry of India †¢ New Entrants (Joint Ventures) †¢ Mergers with big International Airlines †¢ Increases operational performance Increases competition in LCC’s and FSC’s economy class †¢ Price War †¢ Decreases operating costs Increase in fares inRead Morepestel1671 Words   |  7 PagesThe past of aviation has extended more than two thousand years from the earliest kites and attempts at tower jumping to supersonic, and hypersonic journey by powered, heavier-than-air jets. 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The Indian Culture- Informative Speech - 959 Words

Lebanese American University Byblos, Lebanon Fundamentals of Oral Communication Name: Amar Al Bakkar ID#: 201101998 Email Address: amar.albakkar@lau.edu Tel: 03/925225 Instructor: Mrs. Therese Nasrallah Date of Presentation: July 2, 2012 General Purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience about the Indian cultures diversity Central Idea: India is a fascinating country with diverse traditions related to their language, their costumes, and their cuisine. Organization: Topical Order Visual Aids: Power Point Presentation Audience: University colleagues especially those interested in travelling or in improving their knowledge about cultural diversity. Introduction: I. â€Å"Namaste.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Conclusion: I. To sum up, India is a fascinating country with diverse traditions related to their languages, their costumes, and their cuisine. II. I hope after this speech you can see how the Indian culture is a colorful, vibrant and lively culture. III. And I invite you all to visit this country. And the next time you see a documentary about it, I hope you decide to watch it because learning about other cultures and opening your eyes on other parts of the world is never useless. Thank you and Namaste! References: Banerjee, M., Miller, D. (2004). the sari. Kumar, S. (n.d.). Linguistic diversity in india . Retrieved from http://www.publishyourarticles.org/knowledge-hub/essay/linguistic-diversity-in-india.html Ringman , J., Frautschy, S., Masterman, D., Cummings, J. (2005). A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in alzheimers disease. 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Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 2 Free Essays

string(49) " in the depths of the lily pad-strewn tributary\." Tallient promised there’d be an airline ticket and a check waiting at O’Hare. He was as good as his word. In the meantime, I looked him up on the Internet and remembered why his name was familiar. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He wasn’t Bill Gates, but he was close. Tallient had invented a widget for computer modems and become a gazillionaire. At least he could afford me. After an accident several years ago had turned him into a recluse, he’d become fascinated with cryptozoology. Interestingly enough, details on his accident were nonexistent, leaving me to wonder if Tallient had used his tech skills to ensure a little privacy. I couldn’t blame him. Heat slapped me in the face as soon as I walked out of Louis Armstrong International Airport Mid-October and the temperature had to be in the midnineties. No wonder the wolves had long ago fled New Orleans. Along with the plane ticket and the check, Frank, as he’d insisted I call him, had provided a rental car, a hotel room on Bourbon Street, and the name and address of a swamp guide. â€Å"I could get used to this,† I said as the agent handed me the keys to a Lexus. Shortly thereafter I checked into the hotel and tossed my bag on the bed. I’d have the luxury of running water and sheets only until I found a base of operations. I couldn’t look for a cryptid from town. I needed to be right where the action was at all hours of the day or night. Once I found such a place, I’d have my camping equipment shipped south. I wandered to a set of French doors, which led to a patio. Under the heated sheen of the sun, the rot showed – sidewalks cracking, buildings crumbling, homeless people begging coins from the tourists. One of the bizarre things about Bourbon Street, and there were a lot of them, was how a very nice hotel, like this one, could have a view straight into a strip joint on the opposite side of the street. Two women danced on top of the bar. When they began to do more than dance, and the milling crowd began to cheer, I turned away from the spectacle. I wasn’t a prude, but I preferred my sex in private and in the dark. Or I had back when I’d had sex. Since Simon, there’d been no one, and I hadn’t cared, had barely noticed. But : alone in a hotel room on a street that advertised sex twenty-four hours a day, I felt both deprived and depraved. Hiring myself a swamp guide seemed like a good distraction. I did an Internet search on the address provided by Frank, then drove out of the French Quarter to the interstate, over Lake Pontchartrain, and into Slidell – an interesting combination of commuter suburb and Victorian brick houses. I didn’t have time to enjoy the contrast. I wanted the guide issue settled so I could get to work. I headed past every fast-food joint and franchise restaurant I knew and some I didn’t. Just beyond a strip mall, I took a left, trolling by new houses complete with Big Wheels in the driveways and swimming pools in the backyards. These gave way to older and older residences, then mobile homes, and finally shacks. One more turn and bam – there was the swamp. No wonder I’d heard reports of alligators in people’s yards. What did they expect, putting a backyard near an alligator? I shut off the motor, and silence pressed down on me. The weight of a cell phone in my pocket was reassuring. I could always call†¦ someone. Climbing out of the Lexus, I thanked Frank in absentia. Whenever I was forced into any vehicle smaller than a midsize four-door, I felt as if I were driving a clown car. My mother, also quite tall, was an annoyingly slim woman with ice in her veins and hair as dark as her soul. Though she’d had no patience for fairy tales, she’d insisted I was a changeling. Where I’d gotten light green eyes, bright red hair, and an intense desire to play softball no one seemed to know. My appearance had marked me as an out- sider, even before my behavior had branded me the same. Damp heat brushed my face along with the scent of rotting vegetation and brackish water. My eyes searched the gloom for something. Anything. Though my watch insisted I had a good hour of daylight left, the thick cover of ancient oaks shrouded me in chilly shadow. I saw nothing but a dock and a tributary that disappeared around a bend. Across the water, hundreds of cypress trees dripped Spanish moss into the swamp grass. â€Å"Hello?† I reached into my pocket and pulled out the note. â€Å"Adam Ruelle?† The only answer was a thick splash, which halted my stride down the dock. How fast could an alligator travel on land? Not as fast as I could. But what if that hadn’t been an alligator? Wolves are quick, as are big cats, and when dealing with new or undiscovered animals, anything could happen. I took a deep breath. I might have been raised soft, but before Simon and I started spending so much time in the field we’d taken self-defense classes. You couldn’t sleep under the stars in a dozen different states and not run into trouble sooner or later. However, knowing how to disable a man who outweighed me by fifty pounds wasn’t going to do me much good with a wild animal. What had I been thinking to come here alone, without a gun? I snorted. I didn’t own a gun. Slowly I backed toward land, keeping my eyes on the flowing water. The muted splashing came closer and closer. I should make a run for it, but I hated to turn my back on whatever lurked in the depths of the lily pad-strewn tributary. You read "Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 2" in category "Essay examples" I heard a rustle that wasn’t a fish, wasn’t even water. More like the whisper of weeds, the snap of a twig. Slowly I lifted my gaze to the far shore. A single flower perched atop a waving stalk, the shade of a flame against the dewy blue-green backdrop, and the tall grass swished closed behind a body. Could have been anything, or anyone. â€Å"Except for the tail,† I murmured. Bushy. Black. I tilted my head. Canine? Or feline? I walked to the edge of the dock to get a better look at what had already disappeared. When water splashed across my shoes, I started, then slipped. I was falling, my arms pinwheeling, my gaze focused, horrified, on the eight-foot alligator, jaws wide and waiting. Someone grabbed me and hauled backward. My heels banged loudly against the wooden slats of the dock, and the alligator let out an annoyed hiss. I expected to be released once my feet touched dirt; instead, my savior, my captor, held on tight. â€Å"Who’re you?† His voice rasped, as if he rarely spoke, and carried both the cadence of the South and a touch of France. I’d never heard another like it â€Å"D-d-diana,† I managed, despite a significant lack of breath and a near-painful increase in my heart rate. â€Å"Diana Malone.† There. I sounded cool, calm, in control, even though I wasn’t. â€Å"I need a swamp guide,† I continued. â€Å"No guide here.† â€Å"I was told there was.† â€Å"You were told wrong. Take an airboat tour down de way.† Cajun, I realized as I strained to understand the words past the sexy accent. Sexy? What in hell was wrong with me? I couldn’t even see his face. Guess I had a thing for accents. I tried to recall what I knew about the culture. It wasn’t much. The Cajuns, originally Acadians, had come to Louisiana from France by way of Canada. Most had settled west of New Orleans, become farmers and fishermen, but that didn’t mean a few hadn’t migrated closer to the Crescent City. â€Å"Those folks will even let you hold a baby alligator,† he murmured. I shivered, remembering how close I’d come to an alligator holding me – and that hadn’t looked like a baby. â€Å"No,† I managed. â€Å"I need – â€Å" His chin bumped my head; I could have sworn he was smelling my hair. I tensed, trying to remember what I’d been taught to get out of this situation, but nothing came to mind. He was taller, though not by much, and definitely stronger. With one arm he held me so tightly I couldn’t move. I wondered what the other arm was doing until I felt his palm skim up my thigh. â€Å"Hey!† â€Å"Woman alone shouldn’t come here,† he whispered. â€Å"You might see’t’ings you should not† â€Å"Like what?† Silence settled over us, broken only by the hum of the bugs skimming across the water. I could have sworn I heard a laugh. However, when he spoke, no humor colored his voice. â€Å"Curious cats should be careful.† â€Å"Was that a threat?† â€Å"An observation, cher.† Cher? I hadn’t laid eyes on his face, and he was calling me dear? Talk about balls. Or maybe I shouldn’t Twisting, I tried to get free, or at least see him. He tightened the steel band he used for an arm, and I couldn’t breathe. My breasts – not large, but not bad – jiggled against his wrist. Something stirred against my backside before he released me with a shove. By the time I’d caught my balance and whirled around, he’d escaped into the cover of the trees, moving with a grace that reminded me of the ABCs I’d been thinking of when he arrived. His white T-shirt stood out in the encroaching night like a flare. The sleeves had been hacked off in deference to the heat, or maybe to reveal tanned, honed arms. Khaki pants hung on slim hips; he wasn’t wearing any shoes. Dark, shaggy hair sifted across his shoulders. I still couldn’t see his face. â€Å"Who are you?† I whispered. He didn’t answer, instead lighting a cigarette, cupping the match in such a way as to keep the glow from reaching anything but tobacco. A bronze bracelet, the same shade as his skin, encircled his wrist. I’d never cared for jewelry on men, but on him the adornment only seemed to emphasize his masculinity. â€Å"Seen any wolves?† I asked. He took a deep drag, as if he hadn’t a care in the world, or an appointment in tins century. Nevertheless, I sensed a wary interest. â€Å"Maybe a black coyote?† I pressed. The very thought excited me. A black coyote just might get me that Ph.D. â€Å"How about a big cat?† I continued when he did nothing but take another drag. â€Å"Cougar?† He blew smoke through his nose. â€Å"No wolves this far south.† â€Å"Coyotes?† â€Å"Got ’em now. Brought in to hunt nutria rats.† I’d read about those. Large rodents that resembled beavers but with a ratlike tail. I hoped the coyotes were winning. â€Å"Cats?† I asked again. â€Å"What about bears?† â€Å"Bobcat. A few bears. Don’t see ’em much.† I was constantly amazed at how easy it was for creatures to hide in their native habitat. â€Å"I’ve heard there’ve been disappearances. Tales of a wolf.† â€Å"There will always be tales.† â€Å"Where there’s smoke there’s fire,† I pointed out. His cigarette flared red on one end as he drew on the other. â€Å"You a cop?† â€Å"Scientist.† Saying I was a cryptozoologist only confused people. He grunted and tossed the butt to the ground. The resulting hiss revealed he’d hit water. â€Å"Can you guide me?† I stepped forward. â€Å"Do you know Adam Ruelle?† â€Å"No.† His voice was mesmerizing. I wanted to keep him talking – forever. A mighty splash was followed by a thud on the dock. I spun around, remembering there were more wild animals in the swamp than furry ones, but there was nothing there. Just as there was nothing when I turned back to the trees – no man, no beast Hell, I couldn’t even find the cigarette butt How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 2, Essay examples

Let it Go by The Crowns free essay sample

I have recently discovered this band called The Crowns, an unsigned rock band from the Netherlands, and as soon as I heard their song, Let it Go, I instantly loved it. I first found out about them, after they sent me a message on youtube, saying hey we are a new band, check out our songs. I was unsure of how well this band was, but decided to check them out anyways. I saw the video, and was amazed! The song starts out with a fast and cool little guitar riff, and the rest of the band comes in from there. The song is really fast paced, but you can still groove to the music. The song sounds similar to other bands I have heard, but at the same time, it is very original. The Crowns have begun to make their own sound, and are ready to be heard. They are new, and different, but definitely a band to keep your eye on. We will write a custom essay sample on Let it Go by The Crowns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I hope to see them make it, and would hope to see them play live, but as many of us know, the music business is difficult to get into. I wish this band luck, and hope that you like them as well!

Environmental Issue raised in the Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling

Environmental Issue raised in the Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling In the article, â€Å"Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling†, weather change was the major environmental issue affecting the United States. This change comes in different forms such as vicious storms, famine and high temperature, which have adverse effects on the nation’s infrastructure (Wald and Schwartz par. 1).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Environmental Issue raised in the â€Å"Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, the environment is susceptible to human and natural activities; for instance, the heavy construction of highways in the country affects the natural ecosystem. In addition, the article indicated that the nuclear power plant in Illinois affects the natural attributes of the environment due to the consequences of reacting components. There are considerable environmental effects arising from complicated engineeri ng, steel and concrete works in the US, which have altered of natural ecosystem (New York Times 1). The article further outlines the affects of asphalts on the landscape. For example, the condition interferes with the flight operations because jets sometimes stick in the asphalts, thus threatening the human life (Wald and Schwartz par. 2). Similarly, train operations are also affected by the stretching of the track. This means that the environmental disasters could pose danger to the human life and interfere with the natural aspects of the ecosystem. Another observation in the article was its revelation that the excess heat interferes with the behavior of clay soil, especially those found beneath the highways. This condition makes the soil shrink (Wald and Schwartz par. 2). Consequently, it affects the roads since they crack to adjust to the weather conditions, thus becoming risky to the users. As outlined in the article, the other effect of heat on the environment was that it could lead to unprecedented expansion of certain sections of the highway.Advertising Looking for article on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This expansion sometimes goes beyond the planned limits and the force excreted from each end could lead to jarring and other dangerous speed bumps, which alter the traffic flow in the affected areas. The article also pointed out that the intense heat affects the grid, a situation that increases changes in the environment. For instance, the temperature of a water pond in Chicago that was used to cool the units in a nuclear plant increased to a high of 102 degrees, which has serious consequences on the aquatic life (Wald and Schwartz par. 3). Since the temperature of the pond should only reach 100 degrees, an increase beyond this limit is environmentally disastrous. The other aspect of the environmental issue that was presented in the article was the devastating s torms, flood and forest in some areas of the United States. For example, the article highlighted the flooding in New Orleans, which brought several damages to the environment and the inhabitants of the area, such as washing away bridges, roads, plants and loss of human life (Wald and Schwartz par. 8). On the other hand, the forest fires and storms were attributed to prolonged drought and intense heat respectively. They create environmental disasters in the areas affected, thus must be controlled. Solutions to the Environmental Issues According to the article, the author proposed that since extreme weather patterns effect environment and the country’s infrastructure, the construction of highways and nuclear plants should be done while considering such extreme episodes (Wald and Schwartz par. 4). For example, the designs for roads and railway tracks should consider the seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature because this could help minimize their affects on the environment . It could also reduce the amount of money wasted on the construction of highways on disaster prone areas.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Environmental Issue raised in the â€Å"Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More New York Times, Environment. 7 Aug. 2012. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/section/climate Wald, Mathew and J. Schwartz. Weather Extremes Leave Parts of U.S. Grid Buckling, 25 Jul. 2012. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/26/us/rise-in-weather-extremes-threatens-infrastructure.html?_r=1ref=earth

The Early History of the Internet

The Early History of the Internet On a cold war kind of day in 1969, work began on ARPAnet, the grandfather to the Internet. Designed as a computer version of the nuclear bomb shelter, ARPAnet protected the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information via a newly developed technology called NCP or Network Control Protocol. ARPA  stands for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a branch of the military that developed top secret systems and weapons during the Cold War. But Charles M. Herzfeld, the former director of ARPA, stated that ARPAnet was not created due to military needs and that it â€Å"came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country and that many research investigators who should have access were geographically separated from them.   Originally, there were only four computers connected when ARPAnet was created. They were located in the respective computer research labs of UCLA (Honeywell DDP 516 computer), Stanford Research Institute (SDS-940 computer), University of California, Santa Barbara (IBM 360/75) and the University of Utah (DEC PDP-10). The first data exchange over this new network occurred between computers at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute. On their first attempt to log into Stanfords computer by typing log win, UCLA researchers crashed their computer when they typed the letter g. As the network expanded, different models of computers were connected, which created compatibility problems. The solution rested in a better set of protocols called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) that were designed in 1982. The protocol worked by breaking data into IP (Internet Protocol) packets, like individually addressed digital envelopes. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) then makes sure the packets are delivered from client to server and reassembled in the right order. Under ARPAnet, several major innovations occurred. Some examples are  email  (or electronic mail), a system that allows for simple messages to be sent to another person across the network (1971), telnet, a remote connection service for controlling a computer (1972) and file transfer protocol (FTP), which allows information to be sent from one computer to another in bulk (1973). And as non-military uses for the network increased, more and more people had access and it was no longer safe for military purposes. As a result, MILnet, a military only network, was started in 1983. Internet Protocol software was soon being placed on every type of computer. Universities and research groups also began using in-house networks known as  Local Area Networks  or LANs. These in-house networks then started using Internet Protocol software so one LAN could connect with other LANs. In 1986, one LAN branched out to form a new competing network called NSFnet (National Science Foundation  Network). NSFnet first linked together the five national supercomputer centers, then every major university. Over time, it started to replace the slower ARPAnet, which was finally shutdown in 1990. NSFnet formed the backbone of what we call the Internet today. Here’s a quote from the U.S. Department report The Emerging Digital Economy: The Internets pace of adoption eclipses all other technologies that preceded it. Radio was in existence 38 years before 50 million people tuned in; TV took 13 years to reach that benchmark. Sixteen years after the first PC kit came out, 50 million people were using one. Once it was opened to the general public, the Internet crossed that line in four years.